Asset Quality

Assesses the creditworthiness and stability of the reserves, underlying assets, or strategies supporting a asset's value. The methodology captures three risk dimensions: market risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk.

Four evaluation techniques apply based on reserve composition. Direct Rating is used when reserves are themselves independently rated assets. Market Proxy uses public credit ratings to quantify the risk of traditional reserve assets such as U.S. Treasury Bills. Monte Carlo Simulations model alternative-asset structures (typically crypto collateral in collateralized debt positions) using asset volatility, loan distributions, liquidation triggers, and market liquidity. Structural Credit Modeling via a Black-Cox variant of the Merton Model is applied to active investment strategies, treating excess reserves over redemption value as a barrier option on reserve asset value.

Technique	Reasoning	Evidence
Direct Rating	When the reserve is itself a separately rated token, the underlying token's PD propagates directly into the assessment, avoiding duplicate modeling of an already-priced risk.	Applies to assets whose reserves include other rated assets (e.g., BlackRock BUIDL, Ondo OUSG, Ethena USDe). Mirrors how credit rating agencies treat funds-of-funds or tokenized money market wrappers.
Market Proxy	Traditional reserve assets carry externally observable, agency-published cumulative default probabilities. Weighting these published PDs by reserve composition uses the same data institutional credit analysts already rely on, rather than substituting analyst judgment for it.	Financial firms and agencies publish cumulative default rates by rating tier and tenor (e.g., Moody's Annual Default Study). These rates underpin the credit risk assessment of U.S. Treasury Bills, repo, commercial paper, and bank deposits used as stablecoin reserves.
Monte Carlo Simulations	DeFi CDP structures have path-dependent default profiles: liquidation mechanics, slippage, and reflexive collateral price impact mean headline collateralization overstates true coverage under stress. Forward path simulation captures the non-linear interaction of asset volatility, LTV distribution, liquidation triggers, and market depth that a static ratio cannot.	MakerDAO's March 12, 2020 "Black Thursday" auction failure — where keeper bots failed to clear liquidations as ETH dropped >30% in hours, producing $5.7M of bad debt — is the canonical reference for crypto-collateral liquidation mechanics under stress. Iron Finance (June 2021), Mai Finance, and other CDP impairments reinforce the path-dependent nature of alternative-asset insolvency.
Black-Cox Merton Model	Active-strategy stability depends on continuous strategy performance against a redemption barrier. The early-default barrier formulation captures the reality that stablecoin defaults occur through continuous redemption pressure rather than discrete maturity settlement.	Built on the Merton and Black & Cox academic credit-risk frameworks originally developed for structural modeling of corporate default. UST's May 2022 collapse and Resolv USR's March 2026 impairment both follow the barrier-option dynamic: a continuous strategy buffer breaches, triggering default before any individual obligation matures.